Ad Valvas 1971-1972 - pagina 100

Lutheran dogmaticians, thus dispelling the notion that the latter, in structuring their dogmatics, distended and augmented considerably the doctrine of the Word and Scripture over what Luther had taught. These so­called "champions of o r t h o d o x y " were in fact closer to the real Luther than many exponents of the modern "Luther Renaissance". A comparison of Luther's and Chemnitz' writings demonstrates their homogeneity, and Chemnitz, in t u r n , was the admitted standard for these later theologians. Both Luther and Chemnitz operated from the base of unquestioning trust in the divinely inspired Scriptures, its authority and efficacy, also its utter truthfulness, particularly as this all pivoted

around the Christological center of the Gospel kerugma. History appears to bear out the Roman Catholic evaluation of the two Martins if the second had not come, the first would not have stood. Stellingen 11 The so­called "theology of r e v o l u t i o n " , or radicalism, is grounded on the concept that violence is somehow in itself redemptive. 18 "Social inspiration" is a term used (also by some Catholic scholars) to cover and combine recent Biblical approaches and the older doctrine of inspiration. 20 Recent developments of the World Coun cil of Churches — overtures to other world religions, Judaism, Mohammedanism, etc. —

go beyond the original ecumenical purposes of the organization. personalia Eugene F. A . Klug werd in 1917 in Milwaukee (U.S.A.) geboren. Tijdens zijn studie verwierf hij de volgende graden B. D. degree aan de Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, Missouri (1942) en M. A . degree aan de universiteit van Chicago (1941). Vervolgens deed hij aan­ vullende studies aan de universiteiten van Wisconsin, de universiteit van Illinois en aan de Lutheran Schooi of Theology in Chicago. Ds. Klug heeft de Lutherse kerk in verschei­ denen functies gediend. Van zijn hand ver­ schenen talrijke artikelen in theologische tijdschriften en boeken. Het adres van de promovendus luidt 1705 W. Jackson, Springfield, ( I I I . , U.S.A.).

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WGtGnschsppGlijke efsr vwo­symposium 'universitaire strukturen' Het Verbond van Wetenschappelijke Onder­ zoekers belegt op zaterdag 6 november een symposium over het Wetsontwerp 'Herstruk­ tuering Wetenschappelijk Onderwijs'. Dit wetsontwerp, in het voorjaar ingediend door Minister Veringa op grond van het werk van de regeringskommissaris prof. dr. K. Posthumus en daarom ook wel 'Wet Posthu­ mus' genoemd, zal door Minister de Brauw vrijwel ongewijzigd worden gehandhaafd, en In de komende maanden in parlementaire behandeling komen. Het wetsontwerp beoogt, zoals bekend onder meer een uniforme stu­ dieduur van 4 jaar in te voeren. Het symposium w o r d t gehouden aan de hand

van een viertal prae­adviezen van drs. K. Kolthoff (Amsterdam), drs. W. Koning (Utrecht), drs. L. Reijnders (Amsterdam) en prof. dr. J. T h . Snijders (Groningen), allen hd van het V.W.O. Daarbij zullen onderwijskundige, politieke en financierings­aspekten aan de orde komen, benevens het wetenschapsbeleid. Tijdens het symposium is gelegenheid voor groepsdiskus­ sies met de prae­adviseurs. Op grond van dit symposium zal het V.W.O. zijn standpunt ten aanzien van het wetsontwerp bepalen. Enkele dagen vóór het symposium zullen de prae­adviezen verschijnen m het orgaan van het V.W.O., 'Wetenschap en Samenleving'. De bijeenkomst die van 11.00­17.00 uur

duurt, zal worden gehouden in het komplex Oudemanhuispoort te Amsterdam, hij is ook toegankelijk voor met­leden van het V.W.O. Het inschrijfgeld bedraagt f 7,50 voor met­leden (inklusief toezending van het nummer van 'Wetenschap en Samenleving') en f 2,50 voor leden van het V.W.O. De kos­ ten van een lunchpakket zijn f 1,60. Losse nummers van de betreffende uitgave van 'Wetenschap en Samenleving' kosten f 2,50. Opgave is mogelijk door overschrijving van het verschuldigde bedrag op giro 22321 van het V.W.O. te Utrecht, met een specifikatie van het overgemaakte bedrag,(Büro van het V.W.O. Kouwerplantsoen 38. Utrecht, tel. 030­71 78 67).

INTERVENTION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW Vandaag promoveert bij prof. mr. P. H. Kooijmans mr. F. X. de Lima te Den Haag tot doctor in de rechtsgeleerdheid; de titel van zijn proefschrift: Intervention In international law. korte samenvatting Prior to the emergence of the concept of intervention as a separate concept of inter­ national law somewhere between war and peace, in the second half of the 18th century, intervention was always identified w i t h war. A n y absence of peace rendered through the use of armed force was considered to be a war. Grotius even denied the existence of intervention as "inter bellum et pacem nihil est m e d i u m " . Accordingly, until the emergence of intervention as a separate concept of international law it was always identified w i t h war and received the same treatment as war which was regulated by the concept of "bellum j u s t u m " . A few decades prior to the Vienna Congress (1815) writers on Law, basing their judgment on the repeated occurrence of events, began to indicate that there was in the armed actions of States a distinct phaenomenon separate f r o m that of war. For example in the writings of Vattel in 1758 there was a vague mention of the concept of intervention. But it was not until the beginning of the 19th century intervention was fully recognised as a distinct principle of international law. Initially intervention was considered to involve thw use of armed force, but today

we know that the concept also involves actions devoid of armed force. Intervention could be undertaken either by an individual State or by a collective system set up for the purpose of interventmg in disputes between two or more States. The collective systems of intervention found interpretation in the ad hoc procedures of the Holy Alliance and of the Concert of Europe. The experience lent by these two ad hoc systems inspired States to set up collective systems of the League of Nations and the U.N., respectively based on the Covenant and the Charter. Throughout the development of the concept of intervention there is a marked decline in the areas where an individual State could intervene under the principle of "judex in causa sua", while at the same time there is a reciprocal increase in the authority of the collective system of intervention. In order to take stock of the development in unis domain one has to scan through the entire history of the actions of the successive collective systems. The existing collective systems of interven tion of the U.N., like that of the League of Nations is restrained from intervening in the domestic jurisdiction of member States. The pacific settlement of disputes by the U.N. has been decentralised so as to endow the regional organizations, where such exist, to settle regional disputes,before referring to the U.N. For the sake convenience the Organization of American States is taken as a case study.

The collective system of the U.N., despite the innumerable difficulties, rendered due to the inherent defects in the Charter is, It could be concluded, a better method of settling international disputes than the protec­ tion of the right by a State through its inter­ vention based on the principle of "judex in causa sua". The defects in the Charter could best be remedied by improving the system rather than encouraging a reverse trend where a State could act under the "judex in causa sua" principle.

stellingen 4 A more realistic method to help the underdeveloped countries would be to enhance the industrialisation process in these countries rather than emphasing the increased industrialisation of the developed countries as this will tend to increase the influx of labour from the underdeveloped countries in the developed ones. Such a situation in turn would result in highly complicated and nearly insoluble problems. 7 The rebellion of youth to provoke change should be tolerated as long as it obeys the basic rules of the society as is the case in the Netherlands. 8 When claiming the equality of the sexes the starting point must be the biological inequality between the sexes. 9 The study of Dutch language for foreign students following courses of long duration in Dutch universities must be made compulso ry. In such a system the foreign student has nothing to loose and has much to gam.

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